Britische und US-amerikanische Mitglieder der Alsos-Mission bauen den Testreaktor im Keller unter der Felsenkirche im Baden-Württembergischen Haigerloch ab.

Das deutsche Atomprojekt

… und die Farm-Hall-Protokolle

Eine Präsentation im Rahmen des Seminars »Wissenschaft, Technik und Krieg im 20. Jahrhundert« am Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Wintersemester 2023/2024. Dozentin des Seminars war Frau PD Dr. Désirée Schauz. Gehalten am 2. Februar 2024.

Letzte Änderung am:

Die Anfänge der modernen Physik

Die erste Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts der Physik war durch den radikalen Umbruch von der Newtonschen Physik zur Quantenphysik gekennzeichnet.
1900
Max Planck formuliert das Strahlungsgesetz und begründet die Quantenphysik
Porträt eines Mannes mit Brille und Schnurrbart Max Planck als älterer Mann mit Glatze und distingiertem Äußeren.

1901: »Über das Gesetz der Energieverteilung im Normalspektrum« Bildquellen Portrait of Max Planck: Wikimedia Commons | Public Domain Mark 1.0

1905
Einstein veröffentlicht die Spezielle Relativitätstheorie
Albert Einstein im Alter von 25 Jahren. Er trägt einen kleinkarierten Anzug. Seine dunklen Haare sind ca, 5 cm lang und weisen einen leichten Ansatz von Krause auf. Er trägt einen Schnurrbart.

»Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper« Dodo Bildquellen Einstein, im Alter von 25 Jahren.: Wikimedia Commons

1907
Die langjährige Zusammenarbeit zwischen Otto Hahn und Lise Meitner beginnt
Otto Hahn und Lise Meitner in ihrem Labor in Berlin (1912)
1913
Niels Bohr publiziert das »planetare« Bohr-Atommodell
1914
Der Erste Weltkrieg beginnt
Attentat auf Erzherzog Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo 1914. Eine Druckzeichnung auf dem Titelbild der Zeitschrift »Domenica del Corriere«.

Der Erste Weltkrieg

Viele deutsche Akademiker unterstützen den Krieg oder begeistern sich sogar dafür. Prominente Vertreter melden sich freiwillig oder konzentrieren ihre Forschung auf kriegswichtige Projekte. Eine nationalistische Einstellung ist die Regel.

Im deutschen Wissenschaftsbetrieb dieser Zeit finden sich nur wenige Pazifisten. Einer ihrer bekanntesten Vertreter ist Albert Einstein, ein gebürtiger Württemberger, der während des Ersten Weltkriegs in Berlin lehrte und ab 1914 die preußische Staatsbürgerschaft besaß. 

Einstellungen deutscher Wissenschaftler

Soldaten im Ersten Weltkrieg, Angriff auf dem Schlachtfeld umgeben von Giftgas-Schwaden.
  • Ausgeprägter Patriotismus & Nationalismus sind verbreitete Einstellungen
  • Kriegseuphorie & »Selbstmobilisierung«
    • Die deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft wächst in den Kriegsjahren auch um die Giftgasforschung herum
  • Nicht davon ausgenommen sind zuvor auf internationale Zusammenarbeit ausgerichtete Forscher, wie
    • Otto Hahn. Er forschte bevor er 1907 nach Deutschland zurückkehrte, in England und Kanada
  • Krieg wird als gerechtfertigt gewertet
  • Kriegsverbrechen werden geleugnet oder rationalisiert
  • Physiker scheinen sich im besonderen Maße für den Krieg zu begeistern
  • Ausnahmen sind selten

Deutsche Kriegsverbrechen …

1914
4. August
Deutschland marschiert unter Bruch des Völkerrechts ins neutrale Belgien ein
Headlines of the newspaper Le Soir (Brussels, Belgium) of August 4th, 1914, mentioning the German attack on Belgium
19. August
Einmarsch der deutschen Truppen ins belgische Löwen
Der Bruch des Völkerrechts durch Deutschland in den ersten Kriegstagen und das sich daran anschließende grausame Verhalten deutscher Soldaten gegenüber belgischen Zivilisten lässt das Ansehen Deutschlands weltweit sinken. 

Die Vernichtung belgischer Kulturschätze, wie die Bibliothek von Löwen, bringt Deutschland und den Deutschen Ruf ein, sich »wie die Hunnen« zu verhalten.

Als Reaktion auf entsprechende Artikel in der Presse der Entente-Staaten antworten deutsche Wissenschaftler erst mit dem »Manifest der 93« und später noch mit der »Erklärung der Hochschullehrer des Deutschen Reiches«. Beide Manifeste leugnen deutsche Kriegsverbrechen an der belgischen Bevölkerung teils, und teils verteidigen sie diese und betonen das Recht der Deutschen, »zu überleben«. Damit stellt sich die deutsche wissenschaftliche Gemeinschaft international noch weiter ins Abseits.

Der Chemiker Fritz Haber entwickelte am Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut in Berlin Giftgas, das am 22. April bei Ypern zum ersten Mal zum Einsatz kam.

Habers Ansicht nach könne Giftgas nicht nur eine der wirksamsten, sondern auch eine der humansten Waffen sein. (Paraphrasiert)

Seine Frau Clara Immerwahr, ebenfalls Chemikerin und eine überzeugte Pazifistin, erschoß sich wenige Tage später im Garten der gemeinsamen Villa1.

Trotz Habers Status als Kriegsverbrecher, erhielt er 1918 den Nobelpreis für Chemie, für seine Arbeit an der Ammoniaksynthese. Auch bekannt als »Haber-Bosch-Verfahren«.

Fritz Haber. Ein Mann mit Glatze, einer kleinen runden Brille und einem Schnurrbart trägt ein weißes Hemd und einen dunklen Anzug.

… und die Mitwirkung deutscher Atomwissenschaftler

Unterzeichnung des Manifest der 93 u.a.:
  • Fritz Haber
  • Max Planck
Unterzeichnung der Erklärung der Hochschullehrer des Deutschen Reiches u.a.:
  • Otto Hahn
  • Max von Laue
  • Max Planck
(In)direkte Kriegsbeteiligung:
  • Otto Hahn (Giftgasforschung, unter Fritz Haber)
  • Lise Meitner (Röntgenschwester im österreichischen Heer)
Die Kriegsunterstützung deutscher Wissenschaftler, aber vor allem die Entwicklung von Giftgas durch Fritz Haber, beschädigen das Ansehen der deutschen Wissenschaft im Ausland auf Dauer. 

Erschienen wichtige naturwissenschaftliche Journale vor dem Krieg in Deutschland und in deutscher Sprache, werden diese nach Kriegsbeginn von der internationalen wissenschaftlichen Gemeinschaft boykottiert. Wissenschaftler weichen zunehmend auf englischsprachige Publikationen aus. 

Dieser Bedeutungsverlust konnte auch nach dem Krieg nicht mehr rückgängig gemacht werden.

Views: 587

Studentin Europäische Kultur und Geschichte der Ideen

Mela Eckenfels

Mela is a Master’s student in European Culture and the History of Ideas at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology. She has a BA in Humanities with Creative Writing and History from the Open University, Milton Keynes, UK. She also works as a non-fiction writer and journalist.
  1. Ein direkter Zusammenhang ist allerdings nicht belegt. ↩︎
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1.
FEYERABEND, Paul. Against method. . Reprinted der 3. ed. 1993. London : Verso, 2002. ISBN 978-0-86091-481-5 978-0-86091-646-8. Download
Read_Status: New Read_Status_Date: 2025-06-02T21:28:13.703Z
1.
ARENDT, Hannah. Lying in politics: Reflections on the pentagon papers. The New York Review of Books. Online. 18 November 1971. Vol. 17, no. 8. [Accessed 1 June 2025]. Available from: https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1971/11/18/lying-in-politics-reflections-on-the-pentagon-pape/
When we talk about lying, and especially about lying among acting men, let us remember that the lie did not creep into politics by some accident of human sinfulness; moral outrage, for this reason alone, is not likely to make it disappear. The deliberate falsehood deals with contingent facts, that is with matters which carry no inherent truth within themselves, no necessity to be as they are; factual truths are never compellingly true. The historian knows how vulnerable is the whole texture of facts in which we spend our daily lives; it is always in danger of being perforated by single lies or torn to shreds by the organized lying of groups, nations, or classes, or denied and distorted, often carefully covered up by reams of falsehoods or simply allowed to fall into oblivion. Facts need testimony to be remembered and trustworthy witnesses to be established in order to find a secure dwelling place in the domain of human affairs.
Read_Status: New Read_Status_Date: 2025-06-01T11:40:27.976Z
1.
Part I — The Basics. In : SCHAPS, David, Handbook for classical research. Online. Oxford, UNITED KINGDOM : Taylor & Francis Group, 2010. ISBN 978-0-203-84437-3. Available from: http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/bsb/detail.action?docID=574647 Download
Read_Status: In Progress Read_Status_Date: 2025-06-01T10:16:37.447Z
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Bibliography. In : CARRUTHERS, Mary, The book of memory : A study of memory in medieval culture. Online. New York, UNITED STATES : Cambridge University Press, 2008. ISBN 978-1-107-70353-7. Available from: http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/bsb/detail.action?docID=1543657 Download
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Index of Manuscripts. In : CARRUTHERS, Mary, The book of memory : A study of memory in medieval culture. Online. New York, UNITED STATES : Cambridge University Press, 2008. ISBN 978-1-107-70353-7. Available from: http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/bsb/detail.action?docID=1543657 Download
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Abbreviations. In : CARRUTHERS, Mary, The book of memory : A study of memory in medieval culture. Online. New York, UNITED STATES : Cambridge University Press, 2008. ISBN 978-1-107-70353-7. Available from: http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/bsb/detail.action?docID=1543657 Download
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Chapter 7 — Memory and the book. In : CARRUTHERS, Mary, The book of memory : A study of memory in medieval culture. Online. New York, UNITED STATES : Cambridge University Press, 2008. ISBN 978-1-107-70353-7. Available from: http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/bsb/detail.action?docID=1543657 Download
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Title. In : CARRUTHERS, Mary, The book of memory : A study of memory in medieval culture. Online. New York, UNITED STATES : Cambridge University Press, 2008. ISBN 978-1-107-70353-7. Available from: http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/bsb/detail.action?docID=1543657 Download
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Appendix A. In : CARRUTHERS, Mary, The book of memory : A study of memory in medieval culture. Online. New York, UNITED STATES : Cambridge University Press, 2008. ISBN 978-1-107-70353-7. Available from: http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/bsb/detail.action?docID=1543657 Download
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Chapter 3 — Elementary memory design. In : CARRUTHERS, Mary, The book of memory : A study of memory in medieval culture. Online. New York, UNITED STATES : Cambridge University Press, 2008. ISBN 978-1-107-70353-7. Available from: http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/bsb/detail.action?docID=1543657 Download
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Chapter 1 — Models for the Memory. In : CARRUTHERS, Mary, The book of memory : A study of memory in medieval culture. Online. New York, UNITED STATES : Cambridge University Press, 2008. ISBN 978-1-107-70353-7. Available from: http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/bsb/detail.action?docID=1543657 Download
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Introduction. In : CARRUTHERS, Mary, The book of memory : A study of memory in medieval culture. Online. New York, UNITED STATES : Cambridge University Press, 2008. ISBN 978-1-107-70353-7. Available from: http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/bsb/detail.action?docID=1543657 Download
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Notes. In : CARRUTHERS, Mary, The book of memory : A study of memory in medieval culture. Online. New York, UNITED STATES : Cambridge University Press, 2008. ISBN 978-1-107-70353-7. Available from: http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/bsb/detail.action?docID=1543657 Download
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General Index. In : CARRUTHERS, Mary, The book of memory : A study of memory in medieval culture. Online. New York, UNITED STATES : Cambridge University Press, 2008. ISBN 978-1-107-70353-7. Available from: http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/bsb/detail.action?docID=1543657 Download
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Chapter 5 — Memory and the ethics of reading. In : CARRUTHERS, Mary, The book of memory : A study of memory in medieval culture. Online. New York, UNITED STATES : Cambridge University Press, 2008. ISBN 978-1-107-70353-7. Available from: http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/bsb/detail.action?docID=1543657 Download
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Appendix C. In : CARRUTHERS, Mary, The book of memory : A study of memory in medieval culture. Online. New York, UNITED STATES : Cambridge University Press, 2008. ISBN 978-1-107-70353-7. Available from: http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/bsb/detail.action?docID=1543657 Download
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Preface to the Second Edition. In : CARRUTHERS, Mary, The book of memory : A study of memory in medieval culture. Online. New York, UNITED STATES : Cambridge University Press, 2008. ISBN 978-1-107-70353-7. Available from: http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/bsb/detail.action?docID=1543657 Download
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Illustrations. In : CARRUTHERS, Mary, The book of memory : A study of memory in medieval culture. Online. New York, UNITED STATES : Cambridge University Press, 2008. ISBN 978-1-107-70353-7. Available from: http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/bsb/detail.action?docID=1543657 Download
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Appendix B. In : CARRUTHERS, Mary, The book of memory : A study of memory in medieval culture. Online. New York, UNITED STATES : Cambridge University Press, 2008. ISBN 978-1-107-70353-7. Available from: http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/bsb/detail.action?docID=1543657 Download
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Chapter 6 — Memory and authority. In : CARRUTHERS, Mary, The book of memory : A study of memory in medieval culture. Online. New York, UNITED STATES : Cambridge University Press, 2008. ISBN 978-1-107-70353-7. Available from: http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/bsb/detail.action?docID=1543657 Download
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Series Page. In : CARRUTHERS, Mary, The book of memory : A study of memory in medieval culture. Online. New York, UNITED STATES : Cambridge University Press, 2008. ISBN 978-1-107-70353-7. Available from: http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/bsb/detail.action?docID=1543657 Download
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Contents. In : CARRUTHERS, Mary, The book of memory : A study of memory in medieval culture. Online. New York, UNITED STATES : Cambridge University Press, 2008. ISBN 978-1-107-70353-7. Available from: http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/bsb/detail.action?docID=1543657 Download
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Chapter 2  — Descriptions of the neuropsychology of memory. In : CARRUTHERS, Mary, The book of memory : A study of memory in medieval culture. Online. New York, UNITED STATES : Cambridge University Press, 2008. ISBN 978-1-107-70353-7. Available from: http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/bsb/detail.action?docID=1543657 Download
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Chapter 4 — The arts of memory. In : CARRUTHERS, Mary, The book of memory : A study of memory in medieval culture. Online. New York, UNITED STATES : Cambridge University Press, 2008. ISBN 978-1-107-70353-7. Available from: http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/bsb/detail.action?docID=1543657 Download
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Part VI — The Classics and Related Disciplines. In : SCHAPS, David, Handbook for classical research. Online. Oxford, UNITED KINGDOM : Taylor & Francis Group, 2010. ISBN 978-0-203-84437-3. Available from: http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/bsb/detail.action?docID=574647 Download
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Part VII — The Classics since Antiquity. In : SCHAPS, David, Handbook for classical research. Online. Oxford, UNITED KINGDOM : Taylor & Francis Group, 2010. ISBN 978-0-203-84437-3. Available from: http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/bsb/detail.action?docID=574647 Download
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Part V — The Written Word. In : SCHAPS, David, Handbook for classical research. Online. Oxford, UNITED KINGDOM : Taylor & Francis Group, 2010. ISBN 978-0-203-84437-3. Available from: http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/bsb/detail.action?docID=574647 Download
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1.
Acknowledgements. In : SCHAPS, David, Handbook for classical research. Online. Oxford, UNITED KINGDOM : Taylor & Francis Group, 2010. ISBN 978-0-203-84437-3. Available from: http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/bsb/detail.action?docID=574647 Download
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Part II — Language. In : SCHAPS, David, Handbook for classical research. Online. Oxford, UNITED KINGDOM : Taylor & Francis Group, 2010. ISBN 978-0-203-84437-3. Available from: http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/bsb/detail.action?docID=574647 Download
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Preface. In : SCHAPS, David, Handbook for classical research. Online. Oxford, UNITED KINGDOM : Taylor & Francis Group, 2010. ISBN 978-0-203-84437-3. Available from: http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/bsb/detail.action?docID=574647 Download
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1.
Abbreviations. In : SCHAPS, David, Handbook for classical research. Online. Oxford, UNITED KINGDOM : Taylor & Francis Group, 2010. ISBN 978-0-203-84437-3. Available from: http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/bsb/detail.action?docID=574647 Download
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Part IV — The Physical Remains. In : SCHAPS, David, Handbook for classical research. Online. Oxford, UNITED KINGDOM : Taylor & Francis Group, 2010. ISBN 978-0-203-84437-3. Available from: http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/bsb/detail.action?docID=574647 Download
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Part III — The Traditional Fields. In : SCHAPS, David, Handbook for classical research. Online. Oxford, UNITED KINGDOM : Taylor & Francis Group, 2010. ISBN 978-0-203-84437-3. Available from: http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/bsb/detail.action?docID=574647 Download
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Figures. In : SCHAPS, David, Handbook for classical research. Online. Oxford, UNITED KINGDOM : Taylor & Francis Group, 2010. ISBN 978-0-203-84437-3. Available from: http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/bsb/detail.action?docID=574647 Download
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1.
Heisenberg’s uranium and heavy water were loaded up into trucks, which carried the supplies first to Kummersdorf and then down to Stadtilm, where Diebner had recently relocated his own lab. Gerlach had hoped to take the opportunity of the evacuation to pool together Diebner’s and Heisenberg’s combined resources and create the largest experimental pile that they possibly could. But when Heisenberg, who was already down in Hechingen, caught wind that Diebner, the second-rate army scientist who had been irking Heisenberg throughout the war, would be the one directing the construction and operation of this final large-scale experiment, he was incensed. In a letter to Elisabeth, he vented his frustrations: “In our nuclear physics group, the internal battle (Diebner vs. K.W.I) has broken out anew, probably as a result of the new wave of conscriptions and the threatening danger in the east. Maybe I will have to travel in the next days to Thuringia (Stadtilm) on account of this; I do not really like it, but perhaps it is necessary.”5 Even in the last hours of the war, Heisenberg was unwilling to allow his rival to have access to materials that had been assigned to his group, and to possibly take the credit for building what they believed would be the world’s first critical reactor, should one be achieved.
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Back in Berlin, Heisenberg was busy assembling yet another pile. Gerlach, who could feel the clock beginning to run out, kept pushing Heisenberg to conduct a final large-scale experiment in a grand, last-ditch effort to achieve criticality. Finally acknowledging the superiority of Diebner’s three-dimensional lattice design, Heisenberg had relented, and was constructing a lattice of uranium metal cubes suspended from aircraft cable into a cylindrical pit of heavy water when, on January 30, 1945, Gerlach received notice that Soviet forces were advancing fast toward the German capital. That night, he ordered Heisenberg and his team to evacuate.
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Another layered experiment, B-VII, assembled in late 1944, used 1.25 tons of uranium metal plates and 1.5 tons of heavy water. This setup showed even better neutron multiplication than B-VI, though the results still fell short of those being achieved by Diebner’s cube-based lattice experiments. Still, it seemed like the German scientists were slowly making progress toward criticality.
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The final Gottow experiment G-III produced a 6 percent increase in the number of neutrons measured coming out than there were going in. While still far from achieving criticality, Diebner’s lattice design had unequivocally proved itself to be on the right track.
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A self-sustaining nuclear reactor has been achieved when the number of free neutrons in the system at any time remains constant; that is, the number of neutrons causing fissions is equal to the number being generated by those fissions minus the number lost or absorbed. This state, once reached, is called criticality. Building a reactor that could reach and maintain criticality was the first task facing Germany’s Uranium Club in their pursuit of nuclear power.
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Inside the rancid bundle, Goudsmit found the data to prove what he had suspected for months: the Germans had not been successful in creating a functioning nuclear reactor. They hadn’t even been close. In fact, Goudsmit reasoned, as he scribbled out the math on a scrap of paper, the data suggested that they would have needed a reactor that was at least 50 percent bigger, both in uranium and heavy water moderator to have a chance of achieving criticality. Goudsmit was struck by how small the sum total of Germany’s nuclear program, now laid out in full before the Americans, really was. The entire program took up little more than a cave, and a few rooms in a textile factory and school building.
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HIEBERT, Miriam E. and KOETH, Timothy W. The uranium club. . Chicago Review Press, 2023.
Item ID: _:n0 Read_Status: In Progress Read_Status_Date: 2025-05-25T22:35:49.149Z
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HEMPEN, Daniela. The negotiation of gender and power in medieval german writings. Online. 2009. [Accessed 25 May 2025]. DOI 10.14288/1.0089127. Download
Drawing on insights from feminist scholarship and gender studies, this thesis offers a new reading of selected medieval German texts with a special emphasis on the negotiation of gender and power. All three parts of the thesis demonstrate how the use of modern theories helps us to re-examine a medieval text’s implications and ethical values, and to reconsider traditional views of the text. Part One focuses on the discussion of gender boundaries. Didactic and fictional texts, such as Thomasin von Zerclaere’s Der welsche Gast and Ulrich von Liechtenstein’s Frauendienst, show that violations of gender boundaries and the questioning of the traditional power relationship between the genders are crucial to the textual negotiation of masculinity and femininity. As I demonstrate in Part Two, the unequal relationship between men and women is especially important for the system of male homosocial bonding underlying medieval society. Examples of the physical and symbolic exchange of women and their favours are offered by didactic texts, such as Marquard vom Stein’s Der Ritter vom Turn, and fictional texts, such as the Nibelungenlied. Aspects of this exchange are not solely related to medieval marriage practices, but are also reflected in courtly rituals, such as “frouwen schouwen” (watching the ladies). The importance of the conventionally beautiful female body as an object of exchange becomes obvious in Part Three, where I examine encounters between Christian knights and women defying the norms of feminine beauty. Here I focus on female figures that are defined as “doubly Other”: both in their relationship to the masculine Self, and in their relationship to the ideal of medieval Christian femininity. Texts such as Wolfdietrich B and Der Strieker’s Die Konigin vom Mohrenland show how the negotiation of gender and power assumes a new dimension in light male encounters with Wild Women, heathen women, “supernatural” women and old women, where the male partner often has to struggle to uphold his privileged masculine position.
Publisher: University of British Columbia Version Number: 1 Read_Status: In Progress Read_Status_Date: 2025-05-25T19:17:31.910Z
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CORÈDON, Christopher and WILLIAMS, Ann. Regnal Dates of the Kings of Wessex and of England. In : A Dictionary of Medieval Terms and Phrases. Online. 1. Boydell & Brewer Ltd, 2005. [Accessed 26 February 2025]. ISBN 978-1-84615-393-8. Download
The first dictionary of medieval terms intended for the non-specialist with an interest in the medieval world.
1.
CORÈDON, Christopher and WILLIAMS, Ann. Select Bibliography. In : A Dictionary of Medieval Terms and Phrases. Online. 1. Boydell & Brewer Ltd, 2005. [Accessed 26 February 2025]. ISBN 978-1-84615-393-8. Download
The first dictionary of medieval terms intended for the non-specialist with an interest in the medieval world.
1.
CORÈDON, Christopher and WILLIAMS, Ann. A Dictionary of Medieval Terms and Phrases. Online. Boydell & Brewer, 2005. ISBN 978-1-84384-023-7.
Cambridge Core
The first dictionary of medieval terms intended for the non-specialist with an interest in the medieval world.
1.
CARRUTHERS, Mary. The book of memory : A study of memory in medieval culture. Online. New York, UNITED STATES : Cambridge University Press, 2008. ISBN 978-1-107-70353-7. Available from: http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/bsb/detail.action?docID=1543657 Download Download
Read_Status: New Read_Status_Date: 2025-05-25T05:31:25.354Z
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SCHAPS, David. Index. In : Handbook for classical research. Online. Oxford, UNITED KINGDOM : Taylor & Francis Group, 2010. ISBN 978-0-203-84437-3. Available from: http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/bsb/detail.action?docID=574647 Download
Read_Status: New Read_Status_Date: 2025-05-25T04:53:03.164Z
1.
SCHAPS, David. Handbook for classical research. Online. Oxford, UNITED KINGDOM : Taylor & Francis Group, 2010. ISBN 978-0-203-84437-3. Available from: http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/bsb/detail.action?docID=574647 Download
Read_Status: New Read_Status_Date: 2025-05-25T04:42:57.667Z
1.
GRIFFIN, Roger. Faschismus: Eine Einführung in die vergleichende Faschismusforschung. . Hannover : ibidem, 2020. ISBN 978-3-8382-7397-6. Download
Der Begriff „Faschismus“ scheint zu einem Allerweltsbegriff geworden zu sein: Ausgehend von Mussolinis „Faschisten“, übernommen von den Nationalsozialisten unter Hitler, findet er sich heute in nahezu allen politischen Auseinandersetzungen: Trump, Putin, Orbán, Bolsonaro, in Deutschland Höcke, die AfD. Während einige argumentierten, dem Wort „Faschismus“ fehle es an jeglicher charakteristischen, begrifflichen Bedeutung, liefern andere ausführliche Definitionen seiner –vermeintlich oder tatsächlich – wesentlichen Merkmale. Es handelt sich zweifelsohne um einen Begriff, dessen genaue Bestimmung eine einzigartige Herausforderung darstellt. Roger Griffin, einer der führenden Experten auf dem Gebiet der Faschismusforschung, analysiert mit einzigartiger begrifflicher Klarheit und zugleich sehr lesbar die Ideologie des Faschismus. Er untersucht Ursprung und Entwicklung des Faschismus als politisches Konzept von seinen historischen Anfängen im Italien der 1920er-Jahre bis hin zur Gegenwart – und leitet uns durch das verworrene Labyrinth an Debatten über Natur, Bedeutung und Definitionen des Faschismus. Mit Kompetenz und Präzision beleuchtet Griffin die faschistische Dynamik als utopische Ideologie von nationaler und zugleich ‚rassischer‘ Wiedergeburt. Dabei untersucht er insbesondere auch die Wandelbarkeit des Faschismus über den Zweiten Weltkrieg hinaus und ermöglicht so ein Verständnis faschistischer Elemente in gegenwärtigen politischen Phänomenen wie der griechischen Goldenen Morgenröte, Marine Le Pens Rassemblement National oder der Partei Alternative für Deutschland. Nicht nur für Studierende der politischen Theorie, der Ideengeschichte und der Neuesten Geschichte Deutschlands, Europas und der Welt ist dieser kompakte und fesselnde Band von großem Interesse, sondern auch für alle, die angesichts des vieldiskutierten Ansteigens faschistischer politischer Aktivitäten in Sorge sind. Roger Griffins Einsichten in die Faschismusforschung werden dabei erstmalig in deutscher Sprache zugänglich gemacht. In einem hochaktuellen Nachwort widmet sich Fabian Virchow, Professor für Politikwissenschaften und Experte für Rechtsextremismus und Neonazismus, der Frage, inwieweit sich der Faschismusbegriff auch auf die gegenwärtige Partei Alternative für Deutschland anwenden lässt
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STEINER, George. Antigones. How the Antigone Legend has Endured in Western Literature, Art, and Thought. . New Haven London : Yale University Press, 1996. Literary criticism. ISBN 978-0-300-06915-0.
Read_Status: New Read_Status_Date: 2025-05-21T04:37:59.561Z

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